Scrotum

The scrotum is a pouch of skin and muscle that contains the testes and helps regulate their temperature by changing their distance from the body.

Dartos fascia: A layer of smooth muscle and connective tissue beneath the scrotal skin. Its contractions wrinkle the scrotal skin, reducing exposed surface area in cold conditions.
Testis: A male reproductive gland that produces sperm and testosterone. The testes are the organs housed and temperature-regulated by the scrotum.
Hydrocele: An accumulation of fluid around a testis, usually within the tunica vaginalis. It enlarges the scrotum and is a common cause of painless swelling.
labioscrotal swelling: An embryonic structure that develops into the scrotum in males and the labia majora in females. Its paired swellings fuse to form the scrotum and its midline raphe.
Cremaster muscle: A skeletal muscle that surrounds the spermatic cord and elevates the testis. It draws the testes closer to the body when they need warmth or protection.
Spermatic cord: A bundle of vessels, nerves, and ducts connecting each testis to the abdomen. It passes through the scrotum and carries structures serving each testis.
Varicocele: An enlargement of veins in the pampiniform plexus, usually on the left side. It occurs inside the scrotum and can affect testicular function or fertility.
Gubernaculum: A fetal connective-tissue structure that guides the descent of the gonads. Its role in testicular descent connects the developing testes to the scrotal region.
Testicular thermoregulation: The control of testicular temperature below core body temperature to support sperm production. The scrotum is the main structure that enables this temperature difference.
Tunica vaginalis: A double-layered serous membrane surrounding most of each testis. This membrane lies within the scrotum and permits the testis to move with low friction.

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