Sea of Marmara

The Sea of Marmara is an inland sea in northwestern Turkey linking the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea through the Bosporus and Dardanelles.

Bosporus: A narrow strait connecting the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. It carries the Black Sea’s surface outflow into the Marmara.
Black Sea: An inland sea bounded by southeastern Europe and western Asia, connected to the Mediterranean through the Turkish straits. It is the basin immediately north of the Marmara.
Princes' Islands: An archipelago in the Sea of Marmara southeast of Istanbul. These islands are among the sea’s best-known coastal landmarks.
North Anatolian Fault: A major right-lateral strike-slip fault running across northern Turkey. Its branch beneath the Marmara makes the region a major earthquake hazard.
Dardanelles: A strait connecting the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean Sea. It forms the southern gateway through which Marmara waters exchange with the Aegean.
Aegean Sea: An arm of the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey, dotted with islands. It lies beyond the Dardanelles at the Marmara’s southern end.
Gulf of İzmit: An eastern arm of the Sea of Marmara extending toward İzmit. Its enclosed shape makes it a distinctive sub-basin of the sea.
1999 İzmit earthquake: A magnitude 7.6 earthquake that struck northwestern Turkey on 17 August 1999. Its rupture reached the eastern Marmara region and intensified concern about Istanbul’s seismic risk.
Black Sea underflow: The deep, saline inflow from the Mediterranean system into the Black Sea through the Turkish straits. Its denser water crosses the Marmara at depth toward the Black Sea.
Sea of Azov: A shallow sea in eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the Kerch Strait. It is an upstream part of the wider water route reaching the Marmara.

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