Knowra Second Balkan War Second Balkan War A 1913 conflict in which Bulgaria fought its former Balkan League allies, Serbia and Greece, as well as Romania and the Ottoman Empire. It ended with Bulgaria losing territory under the Treaty of Bucharest.
First Balkan War : A 1912–1913 war in which the Balkan League drove the Ottoman Empire from most of its European territories. Its victory left the allies disputing how to divide the conquered Ottoman lands.
Bulgarian attack on Serbia and Greece : The Bulgarian army’s surprise attacks on Serbian and Greek positions in Macedonia on 29–30 June 1913. These attacks opened the war before Bulgaria had secured a settlement with its former allies.
Treaty of Bucharest (1913) : The treaty signed on 10 August 1913 that ended the war among Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Romania, and Montenegro. It formalized Bulgaria’s territorial losses and the victors’ gains.
Treaty of San Stefano : An 1878 treaty that proposed a large Bulgarian state after Russia’s war with the Ottoman Empire, before its terms were revised at Berlin. Its expansive Bulgarian borders became a historical reference point for later Bulgarian territorial claims.
Balkan League : An alliance of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro formed to fight the Ottoman Empire in 1912. The wartime coalition fractured over the division of Macedonia.
Battle of Bregalnica : A major 1913 battle in which Serbian forces defeated Bulgarian forces along the Bregalnica River. The defeat checked Bulgaria’s initial effort to seize disputed Macedonian territory.
Treaty of Constantinople (1913) : The September 1913 treaty between Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire that fixed their postwar frontier. It confirmed Ottoman recovery of Adrianople and nearby territory.
Congress of Berlin : The 1878 diplomatic congress that revised the Treaty of San Stefano and reorganized territory in southeastern Europe. Its settlement had already made territorial revision a central issue in Bulgarian politics.
Macedonia : A historic region of southeastern Europe spanning parts of present-day Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Albania. Competing claims to this region were the war’s central territorial dispute.
Romanian invasion of Bulgaria : Romania’s 1913 advance into Bulgaria from the north during the Second Balkan War. Romanian intervention opened a new front and brought Sofia within reach.
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