Second Battle of El Alamein

A decisive Second World War battle fought in Egypt from 23 October to 11 November 1942, in which British-led Allied forces defeated Axis forces.

Operation Lightfoot: The opening phase of the Second Battle of El Alamein, launched by Allied forces on 23 October 1942. Its infantry attacks and mine-clearing operations began the assault on the Axis defensive line.
Bernard Montgomery: A British general who commanded the Eighth Army in North Africa from August 1942. He planned and led the Allied offensive at El Alamein.
North African campaign: The Second World War campaign fought by Allied and Axis forces across North Africa from 1940 to 1943. El Alamein was a decisive engagement within this wider campaign.
Operation Torch: The Allied landings in French North Africa that began on 8 November 1942. Its opening during the battle forced Axis leaders to confront a second Allied front in North Africa.
El Alamein: A locality on Egypt’s Mediterranean coast, west of Alexandria, known for major Second World War battles. Its narrow coastal setting constrained movement and gave the battle its name.
Operation Supercharge: An Allied offensive launched near the end of the Second Battle of El Alamein in November 1942. Its breakthrough attack helped force the Axis retreat.
Erwin Rommel: A German field marshal who commanded Axis forces in North Africa during much of the desert campaign. He returned to command during the battle’s closing phase and ordered the retreat.
First Battle of El Alamein: A July 1942 battle in Egypt that halted the Axis advance toward the Nile Delta. Its defensive outcome left both armies facing one another near El Alamein.
Tunisia campaign: The final phase of the North African campaign, fought in Tunisia from late 1942 to May 1943. The retreat from El Alamein led Axis forces westward toward the final fighting in Tunisia.
New Zealand Division: A New Zealand Army formation that fought in North Africa, Italy, and the Pacific during the Second World War. It spearheaded important attacks during the battle’s breakthrough phase.

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