Second Congo War

A 1998–2003 conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo involving the government, Congolese rebel groups, and military forces from several African countries. It drew in more states than any other African war.

Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo: A coalition of Congolese rebels and foreign forces that fought Mobutu during the First Congo War. Its victory installed Laurent-Désiré Kabila, whose later break with former allies helped trigger renewed fighting.
Laurent-Désiré Kabila: Congolese politician who became president after overthrowing Mobutu in 1997 and led Congo during the war’s opening years. His government faced the 1998 rebellion and regional intervention.
Second Congo War casualties: Deaths and other human losses associated with the Second Congo War and its aftermath. The war’s human toll became one of the largest recorded for a conflict since 1945.
First Congo War: A 1996–1997 war that toppled Zaire’s president Mobutu Sese Seko and brought Laurent-Désiré Kabila to power. Unlike this conflict, it was shorter and centered on removing Mobutu.
Rally for Congolese Democracy: A rebel movement founded in 1998 that fought the Congolese government, with support from Rwanda and Uganda. Its rebellion against Kabila’s government opened the war’s eastern front.
Joseph Kabila: Congolese politician who succeeded his father as president in 2001 and led the country through the war’s formal end. His succession opened negotiations that helped bring the conflict to a close.
Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Sexual violence committed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including widespread assaults during armed conflicts. Combatants used sexual violence during the war, with consequences extending beyond its end.
Kivu conflict: A series of armed conflicts in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, especially in North and South Kivu. Violence continued in the east after the Second Congo War’s formal conclusion.
Movement for the Liberation of the Congo: A rebel group led by Jean-Pierre Bemba that fought the Congolese government with Ugandan backing. Its northern campaign created a second major insurgent front.
Paul Kagame: Rwandan military and political leader who became president in 2000. Rwanda under his leadership intervened in Congo and backed rebel forces.

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