Second Spanish Republic

Spain’s republican government from 1931 to 1939, established after the monarchy fell and defeated when Francisco Franco’s forces won the Spanish Civil War.

Spanish Constitution of 1931: Spain’s republican constitution, adopted in 1931, established a parliamentary system and defined civil rights and state powers. It supplied the legal framework for the republic’s institutions and reforms.
Alfonso XIII: King of Spain from 1886 until 1931, when he left the country after municipal elections undermined the monarchy. His departure cleared the way for the republic’s proclamation.
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora: A Spanish politician who became the first president of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931. As president, he embodied the republic’s moderate leadership and constitutional institutions.
Spanish general election of 1933: Spain’s November 1933 parliamentary election, won by right-wing parties after universal suffrage was extended to women. The result shifted power away from the reforming coalition that had governed since 1931.
Spanish Civil War: A war fought in Spain from 1936 to 1939 between the republic and a military-led Nationalist coalition. The war was the conflict that destroyed the republic and determined Spain’s next regime.
Manuel Azaña: A Spanish politician who served as prime minister and president of the Second Spanish Republic. His governments pursued major republican reforms, especially during the early years.
Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera: A military dictatorship in Spain from 1923 to 1930, led by General Miguel Primo de Rivera. Its collapse weakened the monarchy that had supported it.
Francisco Largo Caballero: A Spanish socialist politician and trade-union leader who served as prime minister during the Civil War. His wartime government attempted to hold together the republic’s divided left.
Spanish general election of 1936: Spain’s February 1936 parliamentary election, narrowly won by the Popular Front coalition. The election sharpened conflict over political authority and reform.
Francoist Spain: The authoritarian state ruled by Francisco Franco in Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. It replaced the republic with a dictatorship that reversed many of its reforms.

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