Second Sudanese Civil War

A war fought from 1983 to 2005 between Sudan’s government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army, ending in a peace agreement that paved the way for South Sudan’s independence.

Sudan People’s Liberation Army: A Sudanese rebel movement and army founded in 1983 to oppose the central government and seek a restructured Sudan. Its war against the government defined the conflict’s main military and political divide.
First Sudanese Civil War: The 1955–1972 conflict between Sudan’s central government and southern rebels, ended by the Addis Ababa Agreement. Its unfinished autonomy settlement left tensions that resurfaced after Khartoum reversed key provisions.
John Garang: A Sudanese rebel leader and founder of the SPLM/A who led the movement until his death in 2005. His vision of a united, reformed Sudan guided the SPLM/A through most of the war.
South Sudan: A country in East-Central Africa that became independent from Sudan in 2011. The peace agreement’s referendum provisions led to the independence of the former southern region.
Operation Lifeline Sudan: A United Nations-led humanitarian operation launched in 1989 to deliver aid to civilians in war-affected Sudan. It created a negotiated framework for relief deliveries across front lines.
Sudan People’s Liberation Movement: The political organization founded alongside the Sudan People’s Liberation Army to lead a movement for a restructured Sudan. Its political leadership shaped the rebel movement’s aims and negotiated the war’s settlement.
Addis Ababa Agreement: The 1972 agreement that ended Sudan’s first civil war and granted southern Sudan regional self-government. Its erosion preceded the SPLA uprising and showed the fragility of the earlier settlement.
Riek Machar: A South Sudanese politician and former rebel commander who led a major SPLA faction during the civil war. His 1991 split from Garang’s movement altered rebel alliances and complicated peace efforts.
2011 South Sudanese independence referendum: A January 2011 vote in which an overwhelming majority in southern Sudan chose independence from Sudan. It fulfilled the self-determination commitment established by the war’s peace agreement.
Second Sudanese Civil War oil conflict: The struggle over oil fields and revenues in southern Sudan during the Second Sudanese Civil War. Oil revenue strengthened the government while fighting and displacement followed the expanding petroleum industry.

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