Second Turkic Khaganate

A Turkic empire ruled by the Ashina dynasty from 682 to 744, centered in Mongolia and extending into Central Asia. It restored Turkic independence from Tang China before the Uyghurs conquered it.

Ilterish Qaghan: The Ashina leader who founded the Second Turkic Khaganate in 682. His revolt against Tang authority began the khaganate’s restoration.
Tang dynasty: A Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 618 to 907. Tang campaigns and political control in Mongolia created the conditions for Turkic revolt.
Qapaghan Qaghan: A ruler of the Second Turkic Khaganate from 692 to 716. His expansionist campaigns made the khaganate a dominant Inner Asian power.
Orkhon Valley: A river valley in central Mongolia that served as a center of successive steppe empires. The khaganate’s inscriptions and political center lay in this strategic region.
Bilge Qaghan: A ruler of the Second Turkic Khaganate from 716 to 734. His reign brought the empire a period of renewed stability and power.
Ashina: A ruling clan that led the Turkic Khaganate and its successor states. The clan’s leaders restored the khaganate and supplied its ruling dynasty.
Ashina Mochuo: The personal name often associated with Qapaghan Qaghan, an Ashina ruler of the Second Turkic Khaganate. Sources and modern scholarship use this name when discussing Qapaghan’s identity.
Old Turkic script: An alphabet used to write Old Turkic, especially in eighth-century inscriptions of Mongolia. The state’s monuments provide the best-known early record of this script.
Kül Tigin: An Ashina prince and military commander of the Second Turkic Khaganate. His campaigns helped defend the state and secure its western and eastern frontiers.
Göktürks: A Turkic people who established powerful steppe empires in Inner Asia during the sixth through eighth centuries. The Second Khaganate was the later imperial phase of Göktürk power.

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