Second Vienna Award

The Second Vienna Award was a German-Italian arbitration of 30 August 1940 that transferred Northern Transylvania from Romania to Hungary.

Treaty of Trianon: The 1920 peace treaty that established Hungary’s postwar borders after the First World War. Its borders left Transylvania within Romania, a settlement Hungary sought to revise.
Vienna Award: A German-Italian arbitration that imposed a territorial settlement on Romania and Hungary in 1940. The Second Award was the later of two German-Italian decisions bearing this name.
Hungarian occupation of Northern Transylvania: Hungary’s administration of Northern Transylvania from 1940 until the end of the Second World War. The award placed the region under Hungarian rule for the remainder of the war.
First Vienna Award: A German-Italian arbitration of 1938 that transferred parts of Czechoslovakia to Hungary. It preceded the 1940 award and addressed Hungary’s territorial claims against a different neighbor.
Hungarian irredentism: A political movement seeking to recover territories lost by Hungary after the First World War. Its revisionist aims made Northern Transylvania a central Hungarian demand.
Northern Transylvania: The part of Transylvania transferred from Romania to Hungary under the Second Vienna Award. This was the territory whose sovereignty the award reassigned.
Northern Transylvania Holocaust: The persecution and deportation of Jews from Northern Transylvania under Hungarian rule, especially in 1944. The transfer brought the region under the Hungarian government that organized the 1944 deportations.
Treaty of Paris (1947): The 1947 peace treaty between the Allied powers and Romania after the Second World War. It reversed the Second Vienna Award’s transfer of Northern Transylvania.
Romanian-Hungarian relations: The diplomatic and political relationship between Romania and Hungary. The two states’ competing claims over Transylvania formed the dispute the award purported to settle.
Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946): The Hungarian state that existed from 1920 to 1946 under a regency and without a reigning king. Hungary gained administration of Northern Transylvania under the decision.

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