Self-esteem

Self-esteem is a person’s overall evaluation of their own worth, value, or abilities. It can vary in level and stability across people and situations.

Self-concept: The organized beliefs and perceptions a person holds about themselves. Self-concept supplies the beliefs that contribute to a broader evaluation of personal worth.
Sociometer theory: A theory that self-esteem monitors perceived acceptance and rejection by other people. It explains changes in self-esteem as signals about social inclusion.
Narcissism: A pattern of grandiosity, entitlement, and strong needs for admiration, varying in degree and form. High self-esteem and narcissism are distinct; narcissism includes features beyond positive self-evaluation.
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: A widely used ten-item questionnaire measuring global self-esteem through self-reported agreement. It is a standard instrument for assessing overall positive or negative self-evaluation.
Self-efficacy: A person’s belief that they can successfully perform particular actions or tasks. It concerns confidence in specific capabilities, not overall personal worth.
Reflected appraisal: The process of forming self-judgments partly from perceptions of how others view oneself. Perceived evaluations from significant others can become part of self-evaluation.
Defensive self-esteem: Self-esteem that appears high but is vulnerable to threat and relies on defensive protection. It contrasts secure self-regard with outward confidence that can mask fragility.
Cognitive behavioral therapy: A structured psychotherapy that targets unhelpful patterns of thought and behavior. It can address beliefs and behaviors that maintain low self-esteem.
Self-compassion: A way of responding to personal suffering with kindness, common humanity, and mindful awareness. It offers a kinder response to perceived shortcomings without requiring a high self-evaluation.
Self-verification theory: A theory that people seek feedback and relationships that confirm their existing self-views. It helps explain why people may preserve familiar self-evaluations, even when negative.

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