Seljuk Empire

A medieval empire ruled by the Seljuk dynasty, whose territory at its height extended across much of the Middle East and Central Asia.

Seljuk dynasty: A Turkic ruling house that established a major medieval empire across Iran and neighboring regions. Its rulers gave the empire its name and held its territories together.
Sultanate: A state or territory ruled by a sultan, a sovereign title used across the Islamic world. Seljuk rulers governed as sultans while the Abbasid caliphs retained religious prestige.
Battle of Manzikert: A 1071 battle in which Seljuk forces defeated the Byzantine army in eastern Anatolia. The defeat accelerated Byzantine losses and Turkic settlement in Anatolia.
Khwarazmian Empire: A Central Asian and Iranian empire ruled by the Khwarazmshah dynasty until the Mongol conquests. It rose from a former Seljuk dependency and later displaced Seljuk power in Iran.
Oghuz Turks: A confederation of Turkic peoples whose migrations shaped medieval Central and West Asian history. The Seljuks emerged from Oghuz groups moving westward from Central Asia.
Iqta: A system assigning officials or soldiers the right to collect revenue from designated lands. Revenue assignments helped finance the Seljuk military and provincial administration.
Sultanate of Rum: A Seljuk-led state in Anatolia that lasted from the late eleventh century until the fourteenth. It carried Seljuk rule into Anatolia after the empire’s western expansion.
Great Seljuq Empire: The principal Seljuk sultanate, centered in Iran and Iraq, at its height in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. This name distinguishes the central empire from other Seljuk branches.
Battle of Dandanaqan: A 1040 battle in which the Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids in eastern Iran. The victory opened the way for Seljuk expansion into Iran.
Atabeg: A tutor or guardian appointed to a young prince, often becoming a powerful regional ruler. Atabegs governed provinces and could establish dynasties as central control weakened.

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