Semen analysis

A laboratory examination of semen that measures properties such as volume, sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. It is a standard initial test in the evaluation of male fertility.

Semen collection: The process of obtaining a semen sample for laboratory examination. The collection method and abstinence interval affect measured semen properties.
Male infertility: The inability to achieve pregnancy attributable partly or wholly to factors in the male reproductive system. Semen analysis is a first-line test for several male reproductive factors.
Sperm DNA fragmentation: The presence of breaks or damage in sperm DNA, assessed by specialized laboratory tests. It examines genetic integrity rather than the routine count, movement, and shape measures.
Spermatogenesis: The process by which germ cells develop into mature spermatozoa in the testes. It generates the sperm whose concentration, movement, and form are examined.
Sperm concentration: The number of spermatozoa per unit volume of semen. This measurement estimates sperm density in the submitted sample.
Azoospermia: The absence of spermatozoa in ejaculated semen. A semen examination can identify this finding, which requires confirmation and further evaluation.
Testicular biopsy: A procedure that removes a small sample of testicular tissue for examination. It investigates sperm production in tissue when ejaculated semen does not answer the question.
Epididymis: A coiled duct behind each testis where sperm mature and are stored. Sperm acquire motility during passage through this structure.
Sperm motility: The ability of spermatozoa to move, including whether movement is progressive. Laboratories classify movement to assess how many sperm can travel effectively.
Oligozoospermia: A sperm concentration below the relevant reference threshold in an ejaculate. A low concentration is one possible result used in fertility assessment.

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