Septuagint

The Septuagint is the ancient Greek translation of Jewish scriptures, produced over several centuries. It became a major source for early Christian Old Testament texts.

Letter of Aristeas: An ancient Jewish account describing the translation of the Torah into Greek at Alexandria. It tells the foundational story of the Torah’s translation, though historians distinguish its account from the translation’s history.
Hebrew Bible: The collection of sacred writings preserved in Hebrew and, in some passages, Aramaic, forming Judaism’s scriptural canon. It is the principal scriptural corpus translated and interpreted in the Septuagint.
Aquila of Sinope: A second-century CE translator whose Greek version of Jewish scriptures closely followed the Hebrew wording. His highly literal translation contrasts with the Septuagint’s often freer renderings.
Early Christianity: The movement centered on Jesus and his followers during the first centuries CE. Greek-speaking Christians relied extensively on Septuagint texts when reading Jewish scripture.
Masoretic Text: The authoritative Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible preserved by medieval Masoretes. Its readings sometimes differ from the older Greek forms preserved in the Septuagint.
Ptolemaic Egypt: The Hellenistic kingdom ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt from 305 to 30 BCE. Greek-speaking Jewish communities in this kingdom created the setting for the translation’s earliest books.
Torah: The first five books of the Hebrew Bible, traditionally attributed to Moses. The Torah was the earliest major portion translated into Greek.
Theodotion: A Greek translator or reviser of Jewish scriptures whose work is commonly dated to the second century CE. His version and revisions became part of the complicated transmission history of Greek biblical texts.
New Testament: The collection of Christian writings about Jesus, his followers, and the early church, composed in the first centuries CE. Its authors frequently quote or echo Greek scriptural wording associated with the Septuagint.
Dead Sea Scrolls: A collection of ancient Jewish manuscripts discovered near the Dead Sea, dating mainly from the last centuries BCE and first century CE. Some Hebrew manuscripts support Septuagint readings that differ from the later Masoretic Text.

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