Seventh Crusade

The Seventh Crusade was a campaign led by King Louis IX of France against Ayyubid Egypt from 1248 to 1254. It ended with the French defeat at Fariskur, Louis’s capture, and his release after a ransom.

Louis IX of France: King of France from 1226 to 1270, canonized as Saint Louis, who led the Seventh Crusade. His decision to lead the Egyptian campaign shaped its strategy and political stakes.
Fifth Crusade: A campaign against Egypt from 1217 to 1221 that ended after the crusaders’ defeat near al-Mansurah. Its failed Egyptian strategy supplied a precedent Louis hoped to improve upon.
Robert I, Count of Artois: A French prince and younger brother of Louis IX who fought in the Seventh Crusade and died at Mansurah. His attack into Mansurah became a disastrous episode in the campaign.
Mamluk Sultanate: A sultanate ruled by military elites that governed Egypt and much of the Levant from the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries. The campaign’s aftermath coincided with the Mamluks’ rise to power in Egypt.
Ayyubid dynasty: A Muslim dynasty founded by Saladin that ruled Egypt and parts of the Levant in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Its Egyptian forces defended the territory Louis chose to invade.
Frederick II's Crusade: A 1228–1229 expedition in which Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II negotiated control of Jerusalem with the Ayyubid sultan. Its negotiated gains contrasted with Louis’s choice of military conquest in Egypt.
Al-Muazzam Turanshah: The last Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, who took power in 1249 and defeated the crusaders at Fariskur. His forces captured Louis and compelled the crusaders to negotiate.
Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt: The Egyptian branch of the Ayyubid dynasty, which ruled until the political transition of 1250. Its breakdown during the expedition opened the way for Mamluk rule.
Damietta: An Egyptian port city on the Nile delta, captured by crusaders during the Fifth and Seventh Crusades. Its capture in 1249 gave the crusaders a foothold, but not control of Egypt.
Ayyubid–Crusader treaty of 1229: An agreement that transferred Jerusalem and several nearby sites to the crusaders for a limited period. The treaty temporarily altered the Levantine balance before Louis launched his campaign.

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