Sharif Hussein bin Ali

Sharif Hussein bin Ali (c. 1853–1931) was the Hashemite ruler of the Hejaz and leader of the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule during World War I.

Hashemites: An Arab dynasty claiming descent from Hashim, ancestor of the Prophet Muhammad. Hussein's dynastic standing gave his revolt religious and political authority.
Arab Revolt: The 1916–1918 uprising by Arab forces against Ottoman rule, led by Hussein's Hashemite family. Hussein proclaimed the revolt and supplied its political leadership.
Kingdom of Hejaz: An independent Hashemite kingdom in western Arabia that existed from 1916 until its conquest in 1925. Hussein ruled the kingdom after declaring independence from Ottoman authority.
Balfour Declaration: A 1917 British declaration supporting a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. It added a conflicting British commitment to the wartime promises surrounding Arab independence.
Emirate of Mecca: A historic polity governed by hereditary emirs in the Hejaz, centered on Mecca. Hussein inherited its office and used its authority to challenge Ottoman rule.
Faisal I of Iraq: A son of Hussein who led Arab forces during World War I and later became king of Iraq. Faisal commanded the revolt's northern forces and represented its political ambitions.
Treaty of Sèvres: The 1920 treaty that proposed dividing the Ottoman Empire among Allied powers and recognizing new political arrangements. Its settlement left Hussein's wider hopes for Arab unity unrealized.
Pan-Arabism: A political movement advocating unity among Arab peoples and states. Hussein's claims to Arab leadership intersected with broader projects of Arab unity.
Ottoman Empire: A multiethnic empire that ruled much of southeastern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa until 1922. Hussein's revolt sought to end Ottoman sovereignty over Arab lands.
Abdullah I of Jordan: A son of Hussein who became the first king of Jordan. Abdullah organized forces for the revolt and became a major Hashemite leader.

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