Sher Shah Suri

Sher Shah Suri was a 16th-century ruler who founded the Sur Empire in northern India after defeating Mughal emperor Humayun. His administration and currency reforms influenced later Mughal rule.

Sur Empire: A short-lived Afghan-ruled empire in northern India, established by Sher Shah Suri in 1540. Sher Shah built this empire after defeating Humayun and ruled it until his death.
Rupiya: A silver coin standardized at roughly 178 grains, introduced under Sher Shah Suri and influential in later South Asian currencies. The standardized silver rupiya was a central part of his monetary reform.
Akbar: The third Mughal emperor, whose long reign consolidated Mughal rule across much of northern India. Akbar’s administration developed within institutions and practices that Sher Shah had helped establish.
Battle of Bilgram: Another name for the 1540 Battle of Kannauj, where Sher Shah defeated Humayun. The battle’s alternate name appears in accounts of the conquest that established Sur rule.
Humayun: The second Mughal emperor, who lost his Indian territories to Sher Shah Suri and later regained them. Their military rivalry brought Sher Shah to power and forced Humayun into exile.
Land revenue system: A system for assessing and collecting taxes on agricultural land and its produce. Sher Shah’s revenue administration assessed cultivated land and set state demands in advance.
Ain-i-Akbari: A detailed administrative and statistical account of Akbar’s empire, written by Abu'l-Fazl in the late 16th century. Its descriptions offer a later Mughal comparison for revenue and provincial arrangements associated with Sher Shah.
Siege of Kalinjar: The 1545 siege in which Sher Shah’s forces captured the fort of Kalinjar in central India. Sher Shah died during this campaign after an explosion in his artillery stores.
Babur: The Central Asian founder of the Mughal Empire in India, who ruled from 1526 to 1530. Babur’s conquest created the Mughal state that Sher Shah later challenged.
Patta: A written deed specifying a cultivator’s landholding and the revenue assessed on it. Sher Shah’s administration used pattas to record land and clarify assessed dues.

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