Shock

Shock is a life-threatening state in which circulation fails to deliver enough oxygen to tissues. It can result from inadequate blood volume, impaired heart function, abnormal vessel dilation, or blocked blood flow.

Hypovolemic shock: Shock caused by loss of blood or other body fluids, reducing the volume available to circulate. Fluid or blood loss lowers venous return and can sharply reduce cardiac output.
Sepsis: A life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated response to infection. Sepsis can cause distributive shock, often termed septic shock.
Cardiac output: The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute. Low cardiac output can leave tissues without sufficient oxygenated blood.
Hypotension: Blood pressure that is lower than normal or below a clinically defined threshold. Low pressure may accompany shock, but shock can occur before hypotension appears.
Cardiogenic shock: Shock caused by the heart’s inability to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. Pump failure leaves tissues underperfused even when circulating volume is adequate.
Anaphylaxis: A rapid, severe systemic allergic reaction that can impair breathing and circulation. Widespread vasodilation and fluid leakage can produce anaphylactic shock.
Blood pressure: The force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. Pressure helps sustain organ perfusion, though normal readings do not rule out shock.
Syncope: A brief loss of consciousness caused by transient global reduction in brain blood flow. Syncope is a temporary symptom, whereas shock is persistent systemic circulatory failure.
Distributive shock: Shock caused by widespread blood-vessel dilation and maldistribution of blood flow. Abnormally low vascular resistance impairs effective tissue perfusion.
Trauma: Physical injury caused by an external force, ranging from minor wounds to life-threatening damage. Severe injury can trigger shock through hemorrhage or other circulatory disruption.

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