Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis. His theories emphasized unconscious mental processes, dreams, and psychosexual development.

Psychoanalysis: A theory of mind and method of treatment centered on unconscious processes, conflict, and personal history. Freud founded this approach and developed its central concepts.
Dream interpretation: The practice of examining dreams for meanings beyond their remembered, explicit content. Freud treated dream interpretation as a route to unconscious wishes and conflicts.
Josef Breuer: An Austrian physician whose work with Bertha Pappenheim influenced Freud’s early therapeutic ideas. Breuer’s case work helped shape the method Freud later developed as psychoanalysis.
Carl Jung: A Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology after breaking with Freud’s psychoanalytic movement. Jung’s departure marked a major split over libido, symbols, and the unconscious.
Behaviorism: A psychological approach that explains behavior through observable actions and learning rather than inferred unconscious states. Behaviorists challenged Freud’s reliance on interpretations of hidden mental processes.
Unconscious mind: Mental processes and contents that are not available to conscious awareness. Freud made unconscious wishes and conflicts central to explanations of behavior.
Transference: The redirection of feelings and expectations from earlier relationships onto another person. Freud saw patients’ feelings toward analysts as revealing patterns from past relationships.
Anna O.: The pseudonym of Bertha Pappenheim, whose treatment by Josef Breuer became a foundational case in psychoanalytic history. Her case helped establish the talking cure that influenced Freud’s early work.
Alfred Adler: An Austrian physician who founded individual psychology after separating from Freud’s circle. Adler rejected Freud’s emphasis on sexual drives in favor of striving and social context.
Humanistic psychology: A psychological approach emphasizing conscious experience, personal agency, and growth. Its account of people’s capacity for choice contrasts with Freud’s focus on conflict and drives.

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