Sino-French War

The Sino-French War was an 1884–1885 conflict between Qing China and France, fought mainly over French expansion in Vietnam. It ended with China recognizing France’s protectorate over Vietnam.

Treaty of Huế (1884): An agreement establishing a French protectorate over Vietnam and granting France control of its foreign relations. Its disputed terms brought French forces into conflict with Qing troops in northern Vietnam.
French conquest of Vietnam: The nineteenth-century process by which France established colonial rule over Vietnam. The war was a decisive stage in this longer expansion.
French Indochina: A French colonial federation in Southeast Asia that included Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The war secured the French protectorate that became its core territory.
Sino-French War (1884–1885): A name for the armed conflict between Qing China and France over French expansion in Vietnam. This alternate title identifies the same conflict while distinguishing it from other Sino-French clashes.
Bắc Lệ ambush: A June 1884 clash in which Vietnamese and Chinese troops attacked a French column near Bắc Lệ in Tonkin. France treated the clash as a breach of the agreement and demanded compensation.
French Cochinchina campaign: The French military conquest of southern Vietnam, begun in 1858 and completed with colonial annexation in 1867. It established the French foothold from which expansion northward proceeded.
Annam and Tonkin: The central and northern regions of Vietnam, which became French protectorates in the nineteenth century. Their status under French control was the war’s central political issue.
Li-Fournier Convention: An 1884 agreement between Li Hongzhang and François-Ernest Fournier intended to resolve disputes over French forces in Tonkin. Its implementation failed, setting the stage for the war.
Tonkin Campaign: A series of French military operations in northern Vietnam during the 1880s to establish colonial control. It formed the principal land theater of the war.
Francis Garnier: A French naval officer and explorer killed during France’s 1873 intervention in Hanoi. His expedition helped intensify French involvement in Tonkin before the war.

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