Situational awareness
Situational awareness is perceiving relevant elements in an environment, understanding what they mean, and anticipating how they may change.
Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique: A probe-based method that measures situation awareness by testing knowledge of a simulated situation at selected moments. It tests whether operators perceive, understand, and anticipate the same conditions the model describes.
Aviation safety: The practices and systems used to reduce harm in civil and military aviation. Pilots and controllers use shared awareness to detect hazards and coordinate responses.
Situational assessment: The evaluation of a situation to determine its significance, causes, or appropriate response. Assessment draws conclusions from awareness, but is not the same as perceiving and understanding conditions.
Mica Endsley: An American human-factors researcher known for developing a prominent model of situation awareness. Endsley formalized the perception, comprehension, and projection levels used in many applications.
Cognitive tunneling: The narrowing of attention and reasoning around one task or information source at the expense of others. Tunneling can prevent operators from noticing conditions outside their immediate focus.
Situation awareness measurement: Methods for assessing how accurately people perceive and understand a situation and anticipate its development. Measurement methods turn the three-level model into observable performance.
Air traffic control: The service that directs aircraft on the ground and in controlled airspace to maintain safe, orderly flow. Controllers track aircraft positions, intentions, and conflicts as conditions change.
Decision-making: The process of selecting an action from available alternatives. Awareness supplies information for decisions without determining which action should be chosen.
Human factors and ergonomics: The study of how people interact with tools, systems, tasks, and environments. Situational awareness became a central concern within this field's analysis of operational performance.
Automation surprise: An unexpected automated-system action or state that conflicts with an operator's expectations. Surprise often signals a mismatch between the system's state and the operator's understanding.