Situs inversus

Situs inversus is a congenital condition in which the internal organs are arranged as a mirror image of their usual positions. It can involve the chest, abdomen, or both.

Situs solitus: The usual arrangement of the internal organs, with characteristic left–right positions in the chest and abdomen. It provides the standard anatomical arrangement that situs inversus mirrors.
Nodal signaling pathway: A cell-signaling system involved in establishing left–right asymmetry during vertebrate development. Its asymmetric activity helps direct the embryo's left–right pattern.
Dextrocardia: A condition in which the heart is positioned on the right side of the chest. It is a characteristic feature when situs inversus includes the thoracic organs.
Kartagener syndrome: A form of primary ciliary dyskinesia associated with chronic respiratory disease, sinusitis, and situs inversus. Its respiratory problems show that situs inversus can occur alongside disease caused by the same ciliary defect.
Situs ambiguous: A congenital arrangement in which organ positions do not follow the usual pattern or a complete mirror-image pattern. Unlike situs inversus, it involves disordered rather than consistently reversed organ laterality.
Primary cilium: A typically solitary, nonmotile cellular projection that senses signals and coordinates developmental processes. Ciliary signaling contributes to the establishment of left–right asymmetry.
Electrocardiography: A method of recording the heart's electrical activity from electrodes placed on the body. Reversed cardiac orientation can alter ECG patterns and electrode interpretation.
Congenital heart defect: A structural abnormality of the heart or major vessels present from birth. Heart defects are much more closely associated with heterotaxy than with complete situs inversus.
Left–right asymmetry: The biological establishment of distinct left and right sides in an organism. Situs inversus is a visible outcome of altered left–right body organization.
Motile cilia: Hair-like cell structures that beat rhythmically to move fluid or propel cells. Their motion in the embryonic node helps generate directional signals for organ laterality.

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CiliaRelated: Motile cilia during development help establish left-right body orientation; dysfunction can produce this condition.