Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Sixteenth Dynasty was a group of Egyptian rulers during the Second Intermediate Period, traditionally associated with Thebes while Hyksos kings ruled much of northern Egypt.

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Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A period of political fragmentation in Egypt between the Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom. The dynasty belongs to this era of divided rule.
Sekhemre Shedwaset: An Egyptian ruler assigned by some reconstructions to the Sixteenth Dynasty. His attribution illustrates uncertainty over which kings belonged to the dynasty.
Thebes, Egypt: An ancient Egyptian city on the Nile that became a major political and religious center. The Sixteenth Dynasty is traditionally located at Thebes.
Ryholt's reconstruction of the Sixteenth Dynasty: Kim Ryholt's reconstruction identifying the Sixteenth Dynasty as an independent Theban line of rulers. It treats the dynasty as distinct from the Hyksos-affiliated rulers proposed in rival accounts.
Hyksos: A population of Levantine origin whose rulers controlled parts of northern Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. Hyksos power in the north shaped the political setting attributed to the Theban dynasty.
Djehuti: An Egyptian king known from monuments and placed in the Second Intermediate Period. Some king lists assign him to the Sixteenth Dynasty, though his position is debated.
Turin King List: An ancient Egyptian papyrus preserving a fragmentary list of kings and reign lengths. Its damaged entries complicate the reconstruction of Second Intermediate Period dynasties.
Bourriau's reconstruction of the Sixteenth Dynasty: A scholarly reconstruction associating the Sixteenth Dynasty with vassal rulers under Hyksos authority. It differs from interpretations that regard the dynasty as an independent Theban kingdom.
Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt: An Egyptian dynasty that ruled parts of the eastern Nile Delta during the Second Intermediate Period. Its regional rule formed part of the political fragmentation preceding Theban reunification.
Neferhotep III: An Egyptian king of the Second Intermediate Period known from a Theban stela. His inscription presents a ruler amid the instability associated with the dynasty's era.