Social change

Social change is the transformation over time of a society’s structures, institutions, relationships, or cultural patterns. It can be gradual or abrupt, planned or unintended.

Collective action: Coordinated action by people pursuing a shared goal. Movements and organized campaigns turn shared grievances into pressure for change.
Social structure: The patterned relationships and positions that organize a society. Changes in roles, status, and group relations are core forms of social change.
Modernization theory: A family of theories explaining social transformation through industrialization, urbanization, and related processes. It frames development as a transition from agrarian to industrial social arrangements.
Industrial Revolution: The transition to mechanized production that began in Britain in the eighteenth century and spread elsewhere. Industrialization transformed labor, urban life, class relations, and family organization.
Social movement: A sustained, organized effort to promote or resist social change. Movements mobilize people to challenge institutions and reshape public norms.
Social institution: An established system of norms and roles organized around a recurring social need. Institutions such as education and family can persist or transform over time.
World-systems theory: A theory that explains global inequality through an interconnected capitalist world economy. It links social transformations in one society to unequal relations across the world economy.
Civil rights movement: A U.S. movement that challenged racial segregation and discrimination, especially during the mid-twentieth century. Its campaigns helped change laws and public norms concerning racial equality.
Diffusion of innovations: The process by which new ideas and practices spread through a population. New technologies and practices can alter social life as they spread.
Social norm: A shared expectation about appropriate behavior in a group or society. Shifting expectations can change behavior even when formal laws remain unchanged.

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