Social justice

Social justice is the principle that institutions and social arrangements should distribute rights, opportunities, resources, and responsibilities fairly. It addresses how social structures create or reduce disadvantage.

Distributive justice: Theories of how benefits and burdens should be allocated among people. It focuses social justice on the fairness of allocating resources and opportunities.
Institutional discrimination: Discrimination embedded in an organization’s policies, routines, or structures. It shows how institutional arrangements can distribute opportunities unfairly.
Libertarianism: A political philosophy that gives strong priority to individual liberty, property rights, and voluntary exchange. Its resistance to patterned redistribution conflicts with many social-justice proposals.
Civil rights movement: A movement that sought to end racial segregation and secure equal rights, especially in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s. Its campaigns challenged laws and institutions that denied equal civic standing.
Equality of outcome: The ideal that people or groups should attain equal results across relevant measures. It tests whether fair institutions should equalize outcomes or focus on access and process.
Equality of opportunity: The principle that people should have fair access to life chances, without barriers unrelated to relevant ability or choice. It identifies one standard by which institutions can be judged socially just.
Social stratification: The hierarchical organization of people into social groups with unequal access to resources and status. It is the broader system of ranked social positions that justice efforts challenge.
Meritocracy: A system in which positions and rewards are allocated according to perceived merit or achievement. It raises the question of whether rewards remain fair when starting conditions are unequal.
Environmental justice: The principle that environmental benefits and burdens should be shared fairly and affected communities included in decisions. It applies social-justice analysis to pollution, environmental risk, and decision-making.
Luck egalitarianism: A theory that seeks to neutralize disadvantages arising from brute luck while allowing inequalities tied to responsible choices. It exposes disputes over which inequalities people should bear responsibility for.

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