Social norm

A social norm is a shared, informal rule of behavior upheld by a group’s expectations and responses to conformity or violation.

Descriptive norm: A norm based on beliefs about how people commonly behave in a situation. It captures the expectation that conformity means doing what most group members do.
Social convention: A collectively followed, often arbitrary practice that coordinates behavior within a community. Conventions are a common form of norm, such as shared rules of etiquette.
Collective action: Coordinated action by multiple people pursuing a shared goal. Shared expectations can make cooperation easier, or discourage participation.
Theory of planned behavior: A model in which attitudes, perceived social expectations, and perceived control shape intentions and behavior. It treats subjective norms as one influence among several on planned action.
Injunctive norm: A norm based on beliefs about which behaviors people approve or disapprove. It captures the expectation that conformity means doing what the group considers acceptable.
Custom: A traditional, recurrent practice followed by a community or society. Customs can become norms when group expectations make them socially binding.
Public goods game: A game in which individuals choose whether to contribute to a shared resource that benefits a group. Experiments show how group expectations and sanctions affect cooperation.
Rational choice theory: An approach that explains choices as attempts to select actions expected to maximize preferences. It offers an alternative emphasis on calculated outcomes rather than shared obligation.
Social sanction: A reward or punishment imposed by people or groups to encourage or discourage behavior. Approval, ridicule, or exclusion can reinforce conformity or penalize violations.
Habit: A behavior repeated regularly until it becomes relatively automatic for an individual. A habit can persist without shared expectations or social enforcement.

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