Socialism in One Country

Socialism in One Country was the doctrine that the Soviet Union could build socialism without revolutions first succeeding abroad. It became associated with Joseph Stalin’s political ascendancy in the 1920s.

Russian Revolution: The 1917 revolutions that ended the Russian monarchy and brought the Bolsheviks to power. The doctrine addressed the prospects of a socialist state created by the revolution.
Permanent Revolution: Leon Trotsky’s theory that socialist revolution in Russia depended on and would continue through international revolution. It offered the principal rival explanation of whether Soviet socialism could endure in isolation.
World Revolution: The Marxist expectation that socialist revolutions would spread across national borders and transform the global order. The doctrine rejected dependence on world revolution as a precondition for Soviet socialism.
Great Purge: The mass repression in the Soviet Union during 1936–1938, including executions, arrests, and forced-labor imprisonment. Stalin’s consolidation of authority under the doctrine’s banner preceded the purge of alleged opponents.
Russian Civil War: The conflict from 1917 to 1922 between the Bolshevik government and its opponents, alongside foreign intervention. Its devastation made securing the Soviet state an urgent political priority.
New Economic Policy: Lenin’s 1921 policy that restored limited private trade and small-scale enterprise in the Soviet economy. The debate concerned whether socialist construction could proceed through a mixed economy.
Marxism: A political and economic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, centered on class struggle and historical change. The doctrine interpreted Marxist theory to justify socialist construction within one state.
Stalinism: The political system and practices associated with Joseph Stalin’s rule in the Soviet Union. The doctrine became a defining justification for Stalin’s program and centralized authority.
German Revolution of 1918–1919: The revolution that overthrew Germany’s monarchy and established a short-lived republic after World War I. Its failure to establish a lasting socialist government weakened hopes for an immediate European revolution.
Industrialization in the Soviet Union: The transformation of the Soviet economy through expanding heavy industry, especially from the late 1920s. Rapid industrial growth became a central claimed means of building socialism domestically.

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