Socialism with Chinese characteristics

The Chinese Communist Party’s framework for adapting socialist principles to China’s conditions. It combines party leadership and public ownership in key sectors with markets, private enterprise, and state direction.

Chinese Communist Party: The ruling political party of the People’s Republic of China, which directs the state and exercises constitutional leadership. Party leadership is the framework’s defining political condition.
Deng Xiaoping: Chinese Communist Party leader who guided China’s post-1978 economic reforms and advanced the phrase “socialism with Chinese characteristics.” Deng made the formulation central to the reform-era political program.
Marxism-Leninism: A political theory and revolutionary tradition combining Marx’s analysis of class and capitalism with Lenin’s theory of party-led revolution. The Chinese framework claims continuity with this broader ideological tradition.
Chinese economic growth: The long-term expansion of China’s economy, especially rapid growth following the reforms launched in 1978. Market reforms under the framework accompanied decades of exceptional economic expansion.
Socialist market economy: China’s economic system, which uses markets and private firms under Communist Party leadership and extensive state direction. It names the economic arrangement through which the framework combines markets with socialist governance.
Reform and opening up: China’s policy of economic reform and greater engagement with the world, launched under Deng Xiaoping from 1978. This policy shift supplied the practical setting for the framework’s emergence.
Maoism: A revolutionary communist doctrine associated with Mao Zedong, emphasizing peasant mobilization, mass campaigns, and continuing class struggle. Its revolutionary economic and political approach differs from the later reform-era framework.
Poverty reduction in China: The large decline in the number of people living in extreme poverty in China, especially since the late twentieth century. Development under the framework is closely associated with mass poverty reduction.
State-owned enterprises of China: Businesses owned wholly or partly by China’s government, prominent in strategic sectors and public services. State enterprises preserve public control in sectors considered strategically important.
Mao Zedong Thought: The body of political ideas associated with Mao Zedong and adopted as a guiding doctrine of the Chinese Communist Party. The framework reinterpreted socialism after the upheavals of Mao’s rule.

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