Solar storm
A period of intense solar activity that can release radiation and charged particles, sometimes disturbing Earth's magnetosphere and upper atmosphere.
Solar flare: A sudden brightening of the Sun caused by the release of magnetic energy, producing radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum. Flares are one source of the intense radiation associated with solar storms.
Geomagnetically induced current: An electrical current induced in long conductors by changing magnetic fields. Storm-driven magnetic changes can induce currents in power grids and pipelines.
Solar magnetic field: The magnetic field generated by solar plasma, shaping structures and activity throughout the Sun's atmosphere. Stored and rearranged magnetic energy powers flares and many coronal mass ejections.
Space weather: The changing conditions in space, especially near Earth, influenced by solar activity and solar-wind interactions. Solar storms are among the most consequential events studied in space weather.
Coronal mass ejection: A large eruption of magnetized plasma from the Sun's corona into interplanetary space. An Earth-directed ejection can deliver magnetic fields and plasma that drive major geomagnetic storms.
Power grid: An interconnected system that generates, transmits, and distributes electrical power. Geomagnetically induced currents can damage transformers and threaten grid stability.
Sunspot: A relatively cool, dark region on the Sun's visible surface associated with concentrated magnetic fields. Sunspots mark magnetically active regions where storm-producing eruptions often originate.
Space weather forecasting: The prediction of solar and near-Earth conditions that can affect spacecraft, communications, navigation, and infrastructure. Forecasts estimate storm arrival, intensity, and likely impacts on Earth and satellites.
Solar wind: The continuous flow of charged particles streaming outward from the Sun through the Solar System. Solar storms are intense disturbances of the normally continuous solar wind.
Satellite: An object placed in orbit around a celestial body for scientific, communications, navigation, or other purposes. Storm radiation and atmospheric expansion can disrupt satellite electronics and alter orbital drag.