Solid-state reaction

A chemical transformation in which reactants and products are solids. It commonly proceeds through contact between solid particles and diffusion across interfaces.

Diffusion: The net movement of particles from regions of higher concentration to lower concentration. Atoms or ions must migrate through solids or along interfaces for many transformations to proceed.
Ceramic sintering: The heat-driven bonding and densification of powder particles without fully melting them. Solid-state diffusion joins particles and can accompany reactions that form ceramic compounds.
Crystal structure: The ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline solid. Reactant and product structures determine which atomic rearrangements are possible.
Precipitation: The formation of a solid from a solution when dissolved species exceed their solubility. Unlike solid-state reactions, precipitation begins with reactants dispersed in a liquid.
Avrami equation: A kinetic equation describing phase transformation through nucleation and growth. Its assumptions offer a comparison for interpreting transformations that do not follow simple diffusion laws.
Nucleation: The formation of a stable initial cluster from which a new phase can grow. A product phase often begins as nuclei at reactant contacts or defects.
Solid-state synthesis: The preparation of materials by reacting solid precursors, usually under heat. It is the principal preparative use of solid-state reactions in materials chemistry.
Chemical thermodynamics: The study of energy, entropy, and equilibrium in chemical systems. Thermodynamics identifies whether a proposed solid product is energetically favored.
Sol-gel process: A chemical method that forms solid materials through reactions in a liquid sol and its conversion into a gel. It offers molecular-scale mixing before solid formation, unlike solid-powder reactions.
Kirkendall effect: The movement of an interface caused by unequal diffusion rates of species in a material. Unequal atomic fluxes can create voids and reshape reacting interfaces.

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