South Asian monsoon

A seasonal wind and rainfall system that brings most of South Asia’s annual rain during summer and reverses direction in winter.

Intertropical Convergence Zone: A near-equatorial zone where trade winds converge, air rises, and frequent rainfall develops. Its seasonal northward shift helps draw monsoon rain across South Asia.
Kharif crops: Crops sown with the onset of the South Asian summer monsoon and harvested after the rainy season. Their planting calendars depend on the onset and distribution of monsoon rain.
Kerala rainfall: Rainfall in Kerala, a southwestern Indian state exposed to Arabian Sea monsoon flow. Kerala is the conventional starting region for the monsoon’s advance over India.
Indian Ocean warming: The long-term rise in sea-surface temperatures across the Indian Ocean. Warming can change moisture availability and atmospheric circulation affecting the monsoon.
East Asian monsoon: A seasonal circulation bringing summer rain to East Asia and reversing during the cooler season. Its rain belts and circulation differ from those centered on the Indian subcontinent.
South Asian monsoon trough: An elongated low-pressure zone over northern India that organizes monsoon winds and rainfall. Its position and strength help determine where rain falls across the subcontinent.
Rainwater harvesting: The collection and storage of rainwater for later use. Seasonal monsoon rainfall makes storage valuable during the dry months.
Cherrapunji: A town in Meghalaya, India, known for exceptionally high annual rainfall. Orographic uplift makes it a striking example of monsoon rainfall concentration.
Monsoon intraseasonal oscillation: A recurring pattern of active and break phases in monsoon rainfall over periods of weeks. Its evolving phases create substantial swings in rain within a single season.
West African monsoon: A seasonal circulation that brings summer rains northward across West Africa. It shares a seasonal land–ocean reversal but operates over a different continent and ocean.

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