South Sudanese Civil War

An armed conflict that began in South Sudan in December 2013 between government forces and opposition groups. A 2020 power-sharing government formally ended the war, though violence continued in parts of the country.

Sudan People's Liberation Army: The military organization that fought for southern Sudanese independence and became the armed forces of South Sudan. Its internal divisions split government forces and helped turn political rivalry into armed conflict.
South Sudanese independence: The creation of the Republic of South Sudan as an independent country on 9 July 2011. Independence left a new government facing fragile institutions and unresolved political divisions.
South Sudanese refugee crisis: The displacement of South Sudanese people who fled across the country's borders, especially during the civil war. War and insecurity drove millions into neighboring countries as refugees.
Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan: A 2015 peace agreement intended to end South Sudan's civil war through a transitional unity government. Its collapse and renewed fighting contrast with the 2018 agreement's path to a 2020 government.
Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition: The political and military opposition movement formed after fighting broke out in South Sudan in 2013. It became the principal armed opponent of the government led by Salva Kiir.
Salva Kiir: A South Sudanese politician who became the country's president at independence in 2011. His dismissal of senior officials and rivalry with Machar preceded the outbreak of fighting.
Internally displaced persons in South Sudan: People forced from their homes by violence or disaster who remain within South Sudan. Fighting uprooted civilians, many of whom sought safety in displacement camps.
South Sudanese Civil War (2023–present): A renewed conflict in South Sudan that escalated in 2023 amid political and military tensions. It shows how the 2020 power-sharing settlement failed to eliminate later armed confrontation.
Dinka people: A Nilotic ethnic group concentrated in South Sudan and the country's largest ethnic community. Perceived ethnic alignment between Kiir's forces and Dinka communities shaped mobilization and reprisals.
Riek Machar: A South Sudanese politician who served as vice president and later led the main opposition during the civil war. His political break with Kiir became the central leadership dispute behind the conflict.

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