South Sudanese independence

South Sudanese independence was the separation of South Sudan from Sudan and the establishment of the Republic of South Sudan as a sovereign state on 9 July 2011.

First Sudanese Civil War: A conflict between Sudan’s central government and southern rebels that lasted from 1955 to 1972. It established the north–south conflict that later peace agreements sought to resolve.
Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011: A January 2011 vote in which registered voters in Southern Sudan chose whether to remain part of Sudan or become independent. Its overwhelming vote for separation triggered the scheduled transfer to statehood.
Republic of South Sudan: A sovereign country in East-Central Africa established on 9 July 2011 after separating from Sudan. It was the state created by the independence process.
Juba: The capital and largest city of South Sudan, located on the White Nile. The independence ceremony took place in the new country’s capital.
Second Sudanese Civil War: A Sudanese conflict fought from 1983 to 2005 between the government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army and allied forces. Its devastation and unresolved political disputes made separation a central demand.
Machakos Protocol: A 2002 agreement that established principles for Sudan’s peace negotiations, including a referendum on southern self-determination. It set the referendum principle later incorporated into the peace agreement.
Heglig Crisis: A 2012 armed confrontation between Sudan and South Sudan over the oil-producing border area of Heglig. It exposed the danger of unresolved borders and oil disputes after separation.
Salva Kiir Mayardit: A South Sudanese politician who became the country’s first president at independence in 2011. He led the new government at the moment sovereignty began.
Comprehensive Peace Agreement: A 2005 agreement between Sudan’s government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement that ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. It granted southern autonomy and provided the legal path to an independence referendum.
Self-determination: The principle that a people may determine its political status and pursue its economic, social, and cultural development. The referendum applied this principle to Southern Sudan’s political status.

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