Space law

Space law is the body of international and national rules governing activities in outer space. It addresses states’ responsibilities, the use of celestial bodies, and liability for space-related harm.

Outer Space Treaty: The 1967 treaty establishing core principles for the exploration and use of outer space. It anchors the international framework, including peaceful use and state responsibility.
State responsibility in international law: The rules governing when a state is responsible for conduct that breaches an international obligation. Space treaties make states answerable for national space activities, including those of private entities.
Space debris mitigation: Measures intended to prevent the creation of debris and reduce risks from objects left in orbit. Debris raises questions about responsibility, due regard, and the limits of existing binding rules.
Air law: The body of national and international law governing civil aviation and the use of airspace. Unlike airspace, outer space is not subject to a territorial sovereignty claim.
Common heritage of mankind: A legal principle proposing that certain areas or resources belong to humanity collectively and should be governed for shared benefit. The Moon Agreement applies this idea to lunar resources, while its reach remains contested.
Rescue Agreement: The 1968 treaty on assisting astronauts and returning astronauts and space objects. It turns the Outer Space Treaty’s rescue duties into a dedicated agreement.
Liability for space object damage: The international rules assigning states liability for damage caused by space objects. The Liability Convention distinguishes damage on Earth from damage elsewhere in space.
Satellite communications regulation: The national and international rules governing satellite radio frequencies and orbital positions. Coordination by the International Telecommunication Union intersects with states’ space obligations.
Law of the sea: The body of international law governing oceans, maritime zones, and ocean uses. Its resource and commons rules invite comparison with governance of celestial bodies.
Space sustainability: The long-term ability to use outer space safely and equitably without degrading its environment or access. Treaty duties offer broad principles, but many sustainability measures remain voluntary.

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