Spanish–American War

The 1898 war between Spain and the United States ended Spanish colonial rule in Cuba and transferred Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States.

Cuban War of Independence: The 1895–1898 revolt in Cuba against Spanish rule, led by Cuban independence forces. The revolt created the immediate conflict in which U.S. intervention drew Spain into war.
Cuban Revolutionary Party: A political organization founded by José Martí in 1892 to secure Cuban independence from Spain. It organized support for the revolt that made Cuba the war’s central issue.
Platt Amendment: A 1901 U.S. measure that restricted Cuba’s foreign relations and authorized U.S. intervention under specified conditions. It limited Cuban sovereignty after the war despite the island’s formal independence.
Spanish–American War historiography: The study of how historians have interpreted the causes, conduct, and consequences of the 1898 war. Its debates distinguish accounts centered on Cuban agency from those focused on U.S. expansion.
USS Maine: A United States Navy battleship that exploded and sank in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898. Its destruction intensified U.S. pressure for war, although the cause of the explosion remains disputed.
José Martí: A Cuban poet, journalist, and revolutionary who helped organize the 1895 independence uprising against Spain. His independence movement supplied the political cause that U.S. intervention later reshaped.
Philippine–American War: The 1899–1902 conflict between the United States and Filipino republicans resisting U.S. rule. U.S. acquisition of the Philippines after this war led directly to Filipino resistance.
Cuban independence: Cuba’s achievement of formal independence from Spain in 1902, under conditions shaped by U.S. power. Formal independence contrasted with the limits imposed by U.S. influence after the war.
Battle of Manila Bay: The May 1, 1898 naval battle in which U.S. forces destroyed Spain’s Pacific squadron near Manila. The victory rapidly shifted control of the Philippines toward the United States.
Yellow journalism: Sensational newspaper reporting that emphasizes dramatic stories and sometimes distorts facts to attract readers. U.S. newspapers’ vivid accounts of Cuba helped build public pressure for intervention.

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