Spanish Guinea

Spanish Guinea was Spain’s colonial territory in the Gulf of Guinea, comprising the islands and mainland lands that became Equatorial Guinea.

Treaty of El Pardo (1778): A 1778 agreement in which Portugal ceded Fernando Pó and Annobón to Spain in exchange for Spanish holdings in South America. It established Spain’s claim to the islands that anchored its later colony.
Spanish colonial administration: The institutions and officials through which Spain governed its overseas territories. Colonial authorities governed Spanish Guinea through a changing system of direct rule.
Bonifacio Ondó Edu: A politician from Spanish Guinea who became the first prime minister of Equatorial Guinea. He led the autonomous government formed shortly before independence.
Autonomous Government of Spanish Guinea: The self-governing administration established in Spanish Guinea in 1964 under continued Spanish sovereignty. It introduced limited internal self-government before independence.
Fernando Pó: The former name of Bioko, an island in the Gulf of Guinea that became Spanish Guinea’s administrative center. The island became the colony’s principal base after Spain consolidated its presence.
Fernando Pó cocoa plantations: Commercial farms on Fernando Pó that produced cocoa for export, relying heavily on migrant labor. Plantation production shaped the colony’s economy and labor demands.
Francisco Macías Nguema: A politician who became Equatorial Guinea’s first president after independence in 1968. His rise marked the transition from colonial rule to independent statehood.
Equatorial Guinea: A Central African country comprising Bioko, Annobón, and a mainland region on the Gulf of Guinea. It emerged from Spanish Guinea as an independent state in 1968.
Annobón: A volcanic island in the Gulf of Guinea, transferred from Portugal to Spain in 1778. It was one of the islands included in Spain’s early Gulf of Guinea claims.
Nigerian migrant workers in Spanish Guinea: Workers from Nigeria who migrated to Spanish Guinea, especially to labor on Fernando Pó’s plantations. Their work sustained cocoa production and exposed the colony’s dependence on imported labor.

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