Specific gravity

Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance’s density to the density of a reference substance, usually water for liquids and solids. It is dimensionless and depends on the chosen reference and measurement conditions.

Density: Mass per unit volume, a physical property of matter. Specific gravity compares a substance’s density with a reference density.
Mass: A measure of the amount of matter in an object. Mass and volume together determine the density used in the ratio.
Urinalysis: Laboratory examination of urine to assess health and detect disease. Urine specific gravity indicates how concentrated the dissolved substances are.
API gravity: A scale expressing how heavy or light petroleum liquids are relative to water. It transforms oil’s relative density into a petroleum-industry scale.
Relative density: The ratio of one material’s density to another material’s density. This is the broader measurement concept that includes specific gravity.
Volume: The amount of three-dimensional space occupied by a substance or object. Volume is needed with mass to determine density.
Battery acid: A sulfuric acid solution used as the electrolyte in lead–acid batteries. Its specific gravity helps assess electrolyte concentration and battery charge.
Baumé scale: A hydrometer scale used to express the density of liquids. It reports liquid density through a scale rather than a direct ratio.
Water: A chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen with formula H₂O. Water is the usual reference substance for liquids and solids.
Hydrometer: An instrument that estimates a liquid’s density by how deeply it floats. Its scale commonly reports liquid density relative to a reference.

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