Specific learning disorder

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by persistent difficulty learning or using a particular academic skill, despite adequate instruction and appropriate support. It may affect reading, written expression, or mathematics.

Dyslexia: A learning disorder characterized by persistent difficulty with accurate or fluent word reading and spelling. It is the reading-related presentation, often involving difficulties with decoding and spelling.
Neurodevelopment: The processes through which the nervous system develops and changes across the lifespan. Specific learning disorder is classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder.
Response to intervention: A school framework that provides increasingly intensive instruction and monitors students' progress. Progress under evidence-based instruction helps identify persistent difficulties and guide support.
Developmental language disorder: A persistent difficulty acquiring and using spoken language that affects everyday communication. Language difficulties can affect literacy, but the diagnosis centers on spoken-language development.
Academic achievement: The knowledge and skills a person demonstrates in school subjects. Persistent difficulty in one or more academic skills can constrain school performance.
Dyscalculia: A learning disorder characterized by persistent difficulty understanding numbers and learning or performing mathematical skills. It is the mathematics-related presentation of the disorder.
Phonological processing: The ability to perceive, remember, and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language. Differences in phonological processing can contribute to difficulties learning to read and spell.
Structured literacy: Explicit, systematic literacy instruction integrating language structures such as phonology, spelling, and syntax. Its direct, sequenced teaching can address foundational reading and spelling difficulties.
Sensory impairment: Reduced hearing or vision that interferes with perception and everyday functioning. Uncorrected hearing or vision problems can hinder academic learning and require different assessment.
Self-esteem: A person's overall evaluation of their own worth or competence. Repeated struggles without suitable support can undermine confidence and willingness to engage with schoolwork.

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