Spinal column

The spinal column is a segmented chain of vertebrae that supports the trunk, protects the spinal cord, and permits movement through joints between its bones.

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Vertebra: A vertebra is one of the bones that form the spinal column and surround part of the spinal canal. Repeated vertebrae make the column a segmented structure rather than a single bone.
Spinal cord: The spinal cord is a central nervous system structure that carries signals between the brain and much of the body. The vertebral column encloses and protects it along most of its length.
Scoliosis: Scoliosis is a three-dimensional spinal deformity involving a lateral curve and vertebral rotation. It changes the column’s alignment and may affect balance, appearance, or function.
Rib cage: The rib cage is the thoracic framework formed by ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae. It joins the thoracic portion of the column to protect the chest organs.
Intervertebral disc: An intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous pad between adjacent vertebral bodies. Discs cushion loads and allow small movements between neighboring vertebrae.
Intervertebral foramen: An intervertebral foramen is an opening between adjacent vertebrae through which a spinal nerve exits the vertebral canal. These paired openings let spinal nerves leave the column.
Spinal stenosis: Spinal stenosis is narrowing of the spinal canal or nerve-root openings that can compress neural tissue. Degenerative changes in vertebrae and discs can reduce space within the column.
Pelvis: The pelvis is a bony ring connecting the trunk to the lower limbs and supporting pelvic organs. The sacrum at the column’s base articulates with the pelvic bones.
Spinal curvature: Spinal curvature is the series of front-to-back bends in the vertebral column. Its curves help distribute forces and maintain balance in an upright posture.
Axial skeleton: The axial skeleton is the central framework of the human skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. The spinal column is the axial skeleton’s central supporting structure.