Spyware

Spyware is software that secretly monitors a device or its user and collects information, often transmitting it to another party without informed consent.

Keylogger: Software or hardware that records keystrokes, often to capture messages or credentials. Some spyware records typed input to collect passwords and private messages.
Adware: Software that displays or delivers advertising, sometimes by tracking user behavior. Adware may monitor browsing, but its defining aim is advertising rather than covert surveillance.
Pegasus (spyware): A mobile spyware product developed by the Israeli company NSO Group. Pegasus exemplifies highly intrusive spyware used against selected targets.
Digital privacy: The ability to control how personal information is collected, used, and shared in digital systems. Spyware directly removes control over personal data and device activity.
Spyware detection: Methods for identifying software that covertly monitors devices or collects information. Detection is difficult because advanced spyware can hide its processes and traces.
Browser hijacker: Software that changes browser settings or redirects web traffic without the user's intended control. A spyware variant can redirect browsing to monitor activity or generate revenue.
Ransomware: Malware that denies access to data or systems until a ransom is paid. Ransomware makes disruption and extortion visible, unlike spyware's concealed collection.
FinFisher: A commercial surveillance software suite developed by the German company FinFisher GmbH. FinFisher illustrates the market for spyware sold to government agencies.
Surveillance capitalism: An economic system that turns personal data extracted through surveillance into prediction and profit. Spyware shares the logic of converting observed behavior into information for another party.
Mobile malware analysis: The examination of mobile software to identify malicious behavior and capabilities. Analysis helps determine what spyware collected, how it operated, and who may be affected.

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