Stanley Schachter

Stanley Schachter (1922–1997) was an American social psychologist whose research connected emotion to physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation, and social influence.

Jerome E. Singer: An American psychologist who studied emotion and helped formulate the two-factor theory with Stanley Schachter. Singer coauthored the experiment that became the theory’s defining evidence.
Two-factor theory of emotion: A theory that emotion arises from physiological arousal interpreted through situational cues. Schachter’s best-known account of emotion is this joint arousal-and-cognition model.
Schachter–Singer experiment: A 1962 experiment testing whether people interpret adrenaline-induced arousal using cues from others. This study directly tested Schachter and Singer’s account of emotion.
Social facilitation: The change in performance that occurs when people work in the presence of others. Schachter’s group research helped establish social psychology’s experimental study of audience and group effects.
Leon Festinger: An American social psychologist who developed cognitive dissonance theory and social comparison theory. Schachter’s work on affiliation and social influence developed alongside Festinger’s research group.
Cognitive appraisal: The process of evaluating a situation’s significance for one’s well-being and goals. Interpretation supplies the label that, in Schachter’s account, turns arousal into a particular emotion.
Ephedrine study of emotion: An experiment in which Schachter examined emotional reactions after administering the stimulant ephedrine. It helped establish that bodily arousal alone does not determine an emotional experience.
Social comparison theory: The theory that people evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing themselves with others. Schachter’s affiliation findings helped motivate research on comparison under uncertainty.
Kurt Lewin: A German-American psychologist whose field theory and group-dynamics research shaped modern social psychology. Lewin’s group-dynamics tradition formed part of the intellectual setting for Schachter’s research.
Physiological arousal: A bodily state of heightened autonomic and endocrine activity. Schachter treated arousal as an ingredient of emotion whose meaning depends on interpretation.

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