Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis uses statistical methods to summarize data, assess relationships, test hypotheses, and draw conclusions while accounting for uncertainty.

Descriptive statistics: Methods that summarize observed data using measures, tables, and visualizations. They describe a dataset before conclusions extend beyond its observations.
Statistical inference: Methods for using sample data to estimate population properties or evaluate claims. It formalizes conclusions that go beyond the observed dataset.
Regression analysis: Methods for modeling relationships between an outcome and one or more predictors. It estimates associations and can support prediction when its assumptions fit.
Exploratory data analysis: The use of visual and numerical summaries to discover patterns and anomalies in data. It explores patterns without beginning from a narrowly specified confirmatory test.
Probability theory: The mathematical study of random events and the likelihood of their outcomes. It provides the language for quantifying uncertainty in statistical conclusions.
Estimation theory: The study of methods for estimating unknown quantities from data. Estimates quantify population features that cannot be observed directly.
Analysis of variance: A family of methods for comparing means across groups by partitioning variation. It tests whether observed group differences exceed expected sampling variation.
Causal inference: Methods for estimating cause-and-effect relationships from data and explicit assumptions. Association alone does not establish the causal claims some analyses seek.
Statistical population: The complete set of units or observations targeted by a statistical study. Analyses often use a sample to make claims about this broader target.
Confidence interval: An interval-producing procedure designed to cover a fixed parameter at a stated rate over repeated samples. It expresses estimation uncertainty as a range rather than a single value.

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Stephen HalesRelated: Hales used numerical tables and repeated measurements to compare plant growth and bodily fluids.