Statistics (numerical data)

Statistics are numerical facts or measurements describing a group, event, or phenomenon. They can summarize observations or support comparisons and analysis.

Mean: The arithmetic average, calculated by adding values and dividing by their count. It summarizes a dataset with one value, but can be pulled by extreme observations.
Data collection: The systematic gathering of observations or measurements for a defined purpose. The collection method shapes which numerical facts are available and trustworthy.
Descriptive statistics: Methods for organizing and summarizing observed data without extending conclusions beyond it. These statistics describe recorded observations rather than estimating unseen cases.
Official statistics: Statistics produced by government agencies or other public authorities about society, the economy, or the environment. They provide standardized measures used to track populations and public conditions.
Data-driven decision-making: The practice of using data and analysis to guide decisions. Statistics can turn observations into evidence used to choose policies or actions.
Median: The middle value in an ordered dataset, or the average of the two middle values when its size is even. It describes a typical value while resisting the influence of outliers.
Sampling (statistics): Selecting a subset of a population to estimate characteristics of the whole. A statistic based on a sample depends on how that subset was chosen.
Inferential statistics: Methods that use sample data to estimate population properties or assess hypotheses. Inference goes beyond the numerical facts observed, while a descriptive statistic need not.
Gross domestic product: The monetary value of final goods and services produced within a country during a specified period. It is a widely used economic statistic whose scope shapes what it measures.
Simpson's paradox: A pattern in which an association present in separate groups reverses or disappears when the groups are combined. Aggregation can make a valid numerical comparison misleading.

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