Steelmaking

Steelmaking is the industrial production of steel from iron or scrap by adjusting carbon and other alloying elements and removing impurities.

Basic oxygen steelmaking: A steelmaking process that blows oxygen into molten pig iron to remove carbon and other impurities. This dominant route refines hot metal by oxidizing excess carbon and impurities.
Pig iron: A high-carbon iron product made by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. It is the principal hot-metal feed for the basic oxygen route.
Carbon steel: Steel whose properties depend chiefly on carbon content, with no substantial intentional alloying additions. It is the broadest family of steel products made by steelmaking.
Industrial Revolution: A period of rapid economic and technological change driven by mechanized production and new energy systems. Large-scale steel production became a foundation of later industrial expansion.
Green steel: Steel produced with substantially lower greenhouse-gas emissions than conventional production. The label captures the goal of reducing steelmaking's climate impact.
Electric arc furnace: A furnace that melts metal using an electric arc between electrodes and the charge. It commonly melts scrap or direct-reduced iron into steel.
Steel scrap: Discarded steel collected for reuse as a metal feedstock. Scrap supplies much of the charge in electric-furnace steelmaking.
Stainless steel: Corrosion-resistant steel containing at least about 10.5 percent chromium by mass. Its chromium content must be controlled during melting and refining.
Bessemer process: A nineteenth-century process that made steel by blowing air through molten pig iron. Its speed and low cost enabled mass steel production before modern oxygen converters.
Hydrogen steelmaking: Steel production that uses hydrogen as a reducing agent or energy source instead of fossil carbon. Its climate benefits depend on low-emissions hydrogen and suitable infrastructure.

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