Stem-and-leaf display

A display that splits each numerical observation into leading digits (a stem) and trailing digits (a leaf), preserving the original values while showing their distribution.

Place value: A number system in which a digit’s value depends on its position. The choice of stem and leaf follows the positional structure of each number.
Quantitative data: Data consisting of numerical measurements or counts that can be compared arithmetically. Stem-and-leaf displays organize numerical observations rather than categories.
Exploratory data analysis: The examination of data to summarize its main patterns, anomalies, and relationships before formal modeling. A stem-and-leaf display offers a compact first look at a small numerical dataset.
Dot plot (statistics): A graph that marks each numerical observation with a dot along a number line. Both preserve individual observations, but a dot plot uses position rather than digit splitting.
Data binning: The grouping of numerical observations into intervals or categories for analysis or display. Choosing stems groups observations into ranges, much like assigning values to bins.
Outlier: An observation unusually distant from the rest of a dataset under a chosen criterion. Isolated leaves can make unusually extreme observations visible.
Descriptive statistics: Methods for summarizing and presenting the features of a dataset. The display combines a visual summary with access to the underlying observations.
Frequency polygon: A line graph connecting frequencies at the midpoints of successive class intervals. It shows distribution shape through grouped frequencies, not recoverable raw observations.
Frequency distribution: A summary showing how often values or value ranges occur in a dataset. Each stem’s leaves reveal the frequency of observations in that range.
Median: The middle value in an ordered dataset, or the mean of the two middle values when the count is even. Reading leaves in order makes the middle observation straightforward to locate.

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