Stem cell

A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that can self-renew and produce one or more specialized cell types. Its developmental potential ranges from many cell types to just a restricted set.

Cell potency: The range of cell types a cell can produce through differentiation. Potency distinguishes stem cells that can form many tissues from those restricted to one lineage.
Stem-cell division: The division of a stem cell into daughter cells that retain or change stem-cell identity. Its outcomes determine whether a stem-cell pool is maintained, expanded, or depleted.
Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: A treatment that replaces blood-forming stem cells, commonly after intensive therapy for blood disorders or cancer. It is an established clinical use of stem cells to rebuild blood and immune systems.
Totipotency: The capacity of a cell to generate an entire organism, including extraembryonic tissues. Totipotent cells have broader developmental potential than the stem cells usually used in research.
Cell reprogramming: The conversion of a cell from one identity or developmental state to another. Reprogramming raises questions about how completely and safely cell identity can be reset.
Cell differentiation: The process by which a cell acquires specialized structures and functions. Stem cells produce specialized cells by entering differentiation pathways.
Wnt signaling pathway: A conserved signaling system that regulates gene expression, cell fate, and tissue development. Wnt signals help maintain or direct stem-cell fate in several tissues.
Bone-marrow transplantation: A procedure that restores blood-forming cells using marrow from a donor or the patient. It is a familiar form of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation.
Pluripotent stem cell: A stem cell capable of producing nearly all cell types of the body, but not an entire organism. Pluripotent cells represent a broad-potential class distinct from tissue-restricted adult stem cells.
Stem-cell therapy: A treatment that uses stem cells or their derivatives to address disease or injury. Clinical claims often exceed established evidence, making safety and effectiveness central questions.

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