Stereotype threat

Stereotype threat is the risk that concern about confirming a negative stereotype can impair performance when that stereotype is salient. It can affect people whose identities are targeted by the stereotype.

Claude Steele: Claude Steele is a social psychologist whose research helped establish stereotype threat as an experimental concept. His experiments with Joshua Aronson first demonstrated the effect in academic testing.
Stereotype: A stereotype is a generalized belief about the traits or behavior of members of a social group. Stereotype threat arises when a negative group belief becomes relevant to a person's performance.
Mathematics performance: Mathematics performance is achievement on tasks involving numerical reasoning, calculation, or mathematical problem solving. Experiments have tested whether gender stereotypes alter women's performance on difficult mathematics tests.
Stereotype lift: Stereotype lift is improved performance by members of a group when a negative stereotype about another group is made salient. It describes a possible advantage for comparison groups, rather than impairment among the stereotyped group.
Growth mindset: A growth mindset is the belief that abilities can develop through learning, practice, and effective strategies. Interventions promoting this belief have been tested as protection against identity-based academic pressure.
Joshua Aronson: Joshua Aronson is a social psychologist known for research on stereotype threat and educational settings. His collaboration with Steele tested how a stereotype about intellectual ability changed test performance.
Social identity theory: Social identity theory explains how group memberships shape self-concept and intergroup behavior. It provides a broader account of why group-based evaluation can matter to individuals.
Stereotype threat in sports: Stereotype threat in sports is the proposed effect of salient group stereotypes on athletic performance. Studies have examined whether racial or age stereotypes affect performance on sports-related tasks.
Stereotype boost: Stereotype boost is improved performance when a positive stereotype about one's own group is made salient. It concerns benefit from a favorable group belief, not the burden of a negative one.
Wise intervention: Wise interventions are brief, theory-based actions designed to change how people interpret situations and improve outcomes. Stereotype-threat research helped motivate targeted interventions that alter the meaning of stressful settings.

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