Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry quantifies the relationships among reactants and products in chemical reactions and the proportions of elements in compounds, using balanced equations and measurement.

Chemical equation: A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, showing reactants, products, and their relative proportions. Stoichiometric calculations read substance identities and coefficients from this representation.
Law of conservation of mass: The principle that mass in a closed system remains constant during a chemical change. It underlies the atom accounting required for reaction stoichiometry.
Gravimetric analysis: A quantitative analytical method that determines an analyte's amount from the mass of a purified substance. Its mass measurements are interpreted through known stoichiometric relationships.
Reaction rate: The change in concentration or amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Stoichiometry relates amounts consumed and formed, not how quickly the reaction proceeds.
Balancing chemical equations: The process of choosing coefficients so each element has equal atom counts on both sides of a chemical equation. Balanced coefficients establish the ratios used in reaction calculations.
Atomic mass: The mass of an atom, commonly reported in unified atomic mass units. Atomic masses supply the numerical basis for molar masses.
Titration: A method for determining a solution's concentration by reacting it with a measured amount of another solution. Reaction ratios convert the titrant volume into an analyte amount.
Chemical equilibrium: A dynamic state in which forward and reverse reaction rates are equal. Equilibrium composition depends on thermodynamics as well as stoichiometric balance.
Mole: The SI unit for amount of substance, equal to exactly 6.02214076 × 10²³ specified entities. Moles connect equation ratios to measurable amounts of reacting particles.
Chemical formula: A notation identifying a substance's constituent elements and their relative numbers of atoms. Formulas encode the elemental proportions used in compound calculations.

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