Subarctic climate

A high-latitude climate marked by long, very cold winters, short cool summers, and a brief growing season.

Köppen climate classification: A system that groups climates using temperature, precipitation, and vegetation thresholds. Its Dfc and Dfd codes identify many subarctic regions by summer warmth and winter severity.
Siberia: A vast region of northern Asia extending from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. Its continental interior contains some of the coldest inhabited subarctic climates.
Humid continental climate: A climate with warm to hot summers, cold winters, and precipitation throughout the year. Its summers are generally warmer and longer than those of subarctic climates.
Boreal forest: A forest biome dominated by conifers across northern parts of North America and Eurasia. It is the principal forest ecosystem associated with many subarctic climates.
Arctic amplification: The tendency for the Arctic to warm faster than the global average. Its effects extend into neighboring subarctic lands and influence their temperature trends.
Permafrost: Ground that remains at or below 0°C for at least two consecutive years. Long cold seasons preserve frozen ground, while brief summers thaw only its surface in many areas.
Alaska: A U.S. state occupying the northwestern extremity of North America. Interior Alaska has pronounced subarctic temperature extremes and extensive permafrost.
Tundra climate: A polar climate with a brief, cool summer and no sustained tree growth. It is colder than the subarctic climate and lacks the latter's widespread forests.
Arctic char: A cold-water fish species native to Arctic, subarctic, and alpine waters. Its range and life cycle reflect the cold lakes and rivers of subarctic regions.
Permafrost carbon cycle: The exchange and storage of carbon in frozen ground and its thawing soils. Subarctic permafrost stores organic carbon that may enter the atmosphere as soils warm.

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