Subject-object distinction

The division between a subject that knows, perceives, or acts and an object that is known, perceived, or acted upon. It structures many accounts of experience, knowledge, and agency.

Subject (philosophy): The entity that experiences, knows, thinks, or acts. The distinction's knowing or experiencing pole.
Subject–object dualism: The view that subject and object are fundamentally distinct kinds of reality. It makes the distinction a deep metaphysical divide.
Perception: The processes by which organisms acquire information about their surroundings through sensory systems. It presents objects to subjects while depending on bodily and environmental interaction.
Cartesian dualism: René Descartes's separation of thinking mind from extended matter. It gives the division a historically influential mind–world form.
Other minds problem: The philosophical problem of justifying belief that other beings have conscious experiences. It asks how one subject can know another without treating it as a mere object.
Object (philosophy): That toward which thought, perception, or action is directed. The distinction's encountered or known pole.
Nondualism: A family of views that rejects an ultimate division between subject and object. It challenges the separation as fundamental.
Self-consciousness: Awareness of oneself as oneself, including one's thoughts or experiences. It makes the subject itself an object of awareness.
Subjectivism: The view that truth or value depends on the perspective or attitudes of subjects. It follows when the knowing subject is treated as the measure of what is known.
Artificial consciousness: The possibility that an artificial system could have subjective experience. It raises the question of when an object or tool could also be a subject.

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