Knowra Sukarno Sukarno Sukarno was an Indonesian nationalist leader and politician who became the country’s first president. He led Indonesia from independence in 1945 until his removal from power in 1967.
Dutch East Indies : The Dutch colonial territory that covered much of the Indonesian archipelago until the mid-twentieth century. Sukarno built a mass nationalist movement against this colonial government.
Guided Democracy : Sukarno’s political system, introduced in 1957, that concentrated authority in the presidency and limited parliamentary competition. It replaced unstable parliamentary government with a system centered on Sukarno.
Mohammad Hatta : An Indonesian nationalist leader who served as the republic’s first vice president and Sukarno’s partner in the independence movement. Hatta shared the independence leadership but resigned as vice president in 1956.
Indonesian National Revolution : The armed and diplomatic struggle from 1945 to 1949 in which Indonesia sought to secure independence from the Netherlands. Sukarno served as president during the struggle that secured international recognition of independence.
Pancasila : Indonesia’s five foundational principles, first presented by Sukarno in a 1945 speech. Sukarno proposed this formula as a basis for a united Indonesian state.
Indonesian nationalism : A movement seeking political unity and self-determination for the peoples of the Indonesian archipelago. It supplied the shared political cause behind Sukarno’s organizing and public speeches.
Nasakom : Sukarno’s political formula seeking to unite nationalism, religion, and communism in Indonesian public life. It framed his attempt to balance the military, Islamic groups, and the Indonesian Communist Party.
Suharto : An Indonesian army officer who became president after Sukarno’s authority collapsed in the mid-1960s. Suharto displaced Sukarno and led the political order that followed him.
Linggadjati Agreement : A 1946 agreement in which the Netherlands recognized the Republic of Indonesia’s authority over Java, Madura, and Sumatra, subject to a federal settlement. It reflected the negotiations pursued while Sukarno’s government fought to establish the republic.
Indonesian language : The standardized national language of Indonesia, based primarily on Malay and used across the country’s diverse communities. Sukarno’s national project depended on a shared public language across the archipelago.
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